Facts and Beyond
11. SınıfCritical thinking, academic writing, complex passive structures, impersonal passive, stance language
1. Critical Thinking & Academic Vocabulary
| Word | Türkçe | Academic Use |
|---|---|---|
| corroborate | doğrulamak, desteklemek | Multiple studies corroborate these findings. |
| contradict | çelişmek, yalanlamak | The new data contradicts the earlier hypothesis. |
| premise | öncül, varsayım | The argument rests on a flawed premise. |
| inference | çıkarım | What inferences can we draw from this data? |
| fallacy | yanılgı, safsata | This is a classic logical fallacy. |
| substantiate | kanıtlamak | The claim was never adequately substantiated. |
| nuanced | nüanslı, ince ayrımlı | A nuanced analysis is required here. |
| paradigm | paradigma | The discovery shifted the scientific paradigm. |
| extrapolate | tahmin etmek, uzatmak | We cannot extrapolate from such a small sample. |
| rigorous | titiz, sıkı | Rigorous methodology is essential in research. |
2. Impersonal Passive & Reporting Structures
📌 Academic writing avoids personal pronouns — impersonal passive structures are preferred.
| Personal | Impersonal Passive |
|---|---|
| Researchers believe that the theory is correct. | The theory is believed to be correct. |
| People widely acknowledge that X is a problem. | It is widely acknowledged that X is a problem. |
| Some scholars argue that the results are flawed. | The results have been argued to be flawed. |
| We can assume that further research is needed. | It can be assumed that further research is needed. |
| Many experts consider this approach outdated. | This approach is considered outdated by many experts. |
📌 Stance Language — Epistemic Markers
| Certainty | Hedged | Tentative |
|---|---|---|
| It is clear / evident / apparent that... | It would seem that... / It appears that... | It is possible that... / It may be that... |
| The evidence clearly demonstrates... | The evidence suggests / implies / indicates... | The evidence may support... |
| There is no doubt that... | There is some reason to believe... | It is conceivable that... |
3. Academic Writing — Paragraph Structure
| Element | Function | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Topic sentence | Ana fikri bildirir | Social media has profoundly altered how young people form identities. |
| Evidence | İddiayı destekleyen veri | A 2023 survey by the Pew Research Center found that 72% of teenagers feel pressure to present a curated image online. |
| Analysis | Kanıtı yorumlar | This suggests that the performative nature of social media may be eroding authentic self-expression. |
| Counterpoint | Karşı görüşü kabul eder | Admittedly, some research indicates that social media can strengthen social bonds. |
| Rebuttal | Karşı görüşü çürütür | However, the weight of evidence suggests the negative effects outweigh the benefits. |
| Concluding sentence | Paragrafı bağlar | It is therefore reasonable to conclude that regulation of social media platforms is urgently needed. |
4. Reading: The Post-Truth Era
It is widely acknowledged that we are living in what many commentators have termed a "post-truth" era — a period in which emotional appeals consistently outperform factual accuracy in shaping public opinion. The evidence suggests that this development is closely linked to the rise of social media platforms whose algorithms reward engagement over accuracy.
The consequences are argued to be profound. Misinformation has been shown to spread six times faster than factual content on Twitter. It can be assumed that similar dynamics operate across all major platforms. This would appear to constitute a genuine threat to democratic governance, since democracies are understood to depend on an informed citizenry.
It would be premature to conclude, however, that the situation is hopeless. Media literacy has been demonstrated to significantly improve individuals' ability to identify false claims. It seems reasonable to suggest that governments, educational institutions and technology companies share a responsibility to address this crisis. The solution, it might be argued, lies not in censorship, but in education.
❓ Questions
- Find five impersonal passive structures. → "is widely acknowledged" / "are argued to be" / "has been shown to spread" / "It can be assumed" / "are understood to depend" / "has been demonstrated"
- Find three stance markers. → "suggests that" / "would appear to" / "It seems reasonable to suggest" / "it might be argued"
- What does research show about misinformation? → It spreads six times faster than factual content.
- What does the writer say the solution is? → Education (media literacy), not censorship.
Unit Test
Binlerce Soru11. Sınıf Konuları
Tüm KonularTest Hakkında
- 195 soruluk havuz
- Her testte rastgele sorular
- Anında geri bildirim
- MC, True/False