Hard Times
11. SınıfDifficulties and challenges, modal verbs advanced, noun clauses, abstract nouns, social issues vocabulary
1. Social Issues & Hardship Vocabulary
| Word | Türkçe | Example |
|---|---|---|
| deprivation | yoksunluk, mahrumiyet | Child deprivation is a global concern. |
| destitute | yoksul, kimsesiz | Many families were left destitute. |
| adversity | zorluk, olumsuz koşullar | She thrived in the face of adversity. |
| trauma | travma | Conflict causes lasting psychological trauma. |
| marginalised | marjinalleştirilmiş | Marginalised communities need more support. |
| inequality | eşitsizlik | Income inequality has widened globally. |
| exploitation | sömürü | Child labour is a form of exploitation. |
| resilience | dayanıklılık | Human resilience in hardship is remarkable. |
| Word | Türkçe | Example |
|---|---|---|
| displacement | yerinden edilme | War causes mass displacement. |
| humanitarian | insancıl, insani | Humanitarian aid reached the refugees. |
| austerity | kemer sıkma politikası | Austerity measures hit the poorest hardest. |
| systemic | sistemik, yapısal | Poverty is a systemic, not personal, failure. |
| empathy | empati | Empathy is the foundation of social justice. |
| solidarity | dayanışma | Community solidarity helped them survive. |
| stigma | damgalama, leke | The stigma of poverty is harmful. |
| vulnerable | savunmasız, kırılgan | The most vulnerable members need protection. |
2. Modal Verbs — Advanced Uses
| Modal | Meaning | Present/Future | Past |
|---|---|---|---|
| must | Logical deduction (certainty +) | She must be exhausted after that ordeal. | She must have suffered terribly. |
| can't | Logical deduction (certainty -) | This can't be the only solution. | They can't have known how bad it would get. |
| should have | Past obligation not fulfilled | — | Governments should have acted sooner. |
| could have | Past possibility not taken | — | We could have prevented this crisis. |
| would have | Hypothetical past result | — | More investment would have made a difference. |
| need not have | Past unnecessary action (but done) | — | They need not have worried — help arrived. |
| ought to have | Past moral obligation not met | — | Society ought to have done more. |
📌 Should have vs Could have vs Would have
Should have: moral obligation not met → We should have helped earlier.
Could have: past possibility that wasn't used → We could have prevented it, but didn't.
Would have: hypothetical past result (conditional 3) → It would have been different if we had acted.
3. Noun Clauses
📌 Noun clauses function as subjects, objects or complements.
They begin with: that, whether, if, wh-words (what, who, when, where, why, how)
| Function | Connector | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Subject | That | That poverty is systemic is beyond dispute. |
| Subject | What | What the data reveals is deeply troubling. |
| Object | That | Researchers have found that inequality is rising. |
| Object | Whether/if | Many question whether the system can be fixed. |
| Object | Wh-word | No one knows when the crisis will end. |
| Complement | That | The truth is that many children go hungry. |
4. Reading: The Human Cost of Inequality
That inequality is one of the defining crises of our time is now widely acknowledged. Economists have shown that the gap between the richest and poorest has widened dramatically in the past four decades. What is particularly alarming is that this trend shows no sign of reversing.
Governments should have addressed structural inequality decades ago. They could have invested in education, healthcare and social housing — tools which would have broken cycles of deprivation. Instead, austerity policies were implemented that hit the most marginalised communities hardest. The question of whether this was negligence or deliberate policy remains deeply contested.
And yet, there are reasons for hope. Community solidarity has shown that individuals can make a difference when institutions fail. What the evidence suggests is that systemic change is possible, but only when citizens demand it. We ought to have acted sooner. But it is not too late to act now.
❓ Questions
- Find three noun clauses. → "That inequality is one of the defining crises" / "that the gap has widened" / "that this trend shows no sign" / "whether this was negligence"
- Find three past modal examples. → "should have addressed" / "could have invested" / "would have broken" / "ought to have acted"
- What does the writer say governments could have done? → Invested in education, healthcare and social housing.
- What is the writer's hopeful point? → Community solidarity shows that individuals can make a difference.
Unit Test
Binlerce Soru11. Sınıf Konuları
Tüm KonularTest Hakkında
- 195 soruluk havuz
- Her testte rastgele sorular
- Anında geri bildirim
- MC, True/False